Banco de España
Survey reveals financial literacy levels across Spanish population
The Banco de España has published the main results of its 2021 Survey of Financial Competences (ECF), detailing the financial literacy and system engagement of Spain's adult population.
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Spanish pension funds show negative returns after fees
A Banco de España paper analyzes the financial performance of Spanish individual pension funds.
AI-powered indicators quantify economic uncertainty from news
Researchers at the Banco de España have developed Retrieval-Augmented Uncertainty Indicators (RAUI), a new methodology using AI and newspaper data to generate topic-specific economic uncertainty measures.
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Núñez Ramos: Climate and geopolitics reshape financial stability framework
Soledad Núñez Ramos, Deputy Governor of the Banco de España, stated at the FINRESP Annual Assembly on March 2, 2026, that sustainability, competitiveness, and geopolitics are fundamentally reshaping the prudential framework.
AI reveals hidden labor market attachment in Spain
The Banco de España proposes a novel machine learning methodology to measure labor market attachment for the non-working population in Spain.
Spanish firms perceive improved bank financing access, pace slows
Spanish companies reported continued improvement in access to bank financing in the fourth quarter of 2025, though at a decelerating rate.
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Centralized information point launched on Banco de España website
The Banco de España has launched a new centralized information point on its website.
Euro area prices became more flexible during recent inflation surge
A Banco de España working paper reveals that consumer prices in the euro area became significantly more flexible during the 2021-2024 inflation cycle.
Production networks amplify foreign shocks, worsen monetary policy trade-offs
A new working paper from Banco de España and ECB economists analyzes how production networks transmit foreign price shocks and reshape monetary policy trade-offs.
Spain and Ukraine central banks deepen digital and support cooperation
The Bank of Spain and the National Bank of Ukraine have signed an agreement to enhance cooperation in digital transformation, psychological support for war-affected staff, and study visits.
Spanish regions show varied labor productivity trends, Madrid leads
A Banco de España Occasional Paper analyzes labor productivity in Spanish regions from 2000 to 2022, highlighting the sustained leadership of a cluster comprising Madrid, the Balearic Islands, and the Canary Islands, driven by strong tertiarization.
Bank of Spain integrates climate risk across all core functions
Deputy Governor Soledad Núñez outlined the Bank of Spain's comprehensive strategy to integrate climate and environmental risks across its core functions.